The Great Trek of the Russian Mennonites to Central Asia, 1880-1884, Fred Richard Belk, 1976

has exposed the region to many invasions. 4. Lack of outlets to the open seas has always hindered access of Turkestan’s peoples to other lands. 5. Richard A. Pierce, Russian Central Asia, 1867-1917, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), pp. 6-13; Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, pp. 21-22. 6. George B. Cressey, Asia’s Lands and Peoples (New York: Harper, 1940), pp. 343-350. 7. Ibid. 8. Pastureland comprises less than 44 percent of the total area, while deserts cover 54 percent. This leaves about 4 million acres as possibly arable when properly irr- gated. See Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, p. 22. 9. G. N. Curzon, Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (London: Longmans Green and Co., 1889), pp. 71-73; A. M. Kononov, Sovetskaia Geografia (Moscow: Gosigdatgeolit, 1960) p. 410. 10. Curzon, Russia in Central Asia, pp. 140-142; for a good survey of population and geography see Edward Allworth, ed., Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), pp. 92-113. 11. Curzon, Russia in Central Asia, pp. 138-139. Notes 205 12. Jantzen, “Memories of Our Journey to Middle Asia,” p. 15. 13. Frye, The History of Bukhara, p. 3. The Persian historian Juvaini wrote in 1260, long after the Mongols had sacked Bukhara, that “Bukhar’ in the language of the Magians means “‘center of learning”’ or that it could be a word for places of worship. 14. Ibid., p. 654. 15. Architectural Monuments of Middle Asia, pp. 31-37. 16. Seventy percent of all cotton fiber used in Russia during the late nineteenth century came from Turkestan. See M. M. Smirin, Weltgeschichte (4 vols., Berlin: Deut- scher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1964), IV, pp. 649-653. 17. Ibid., pp. 652-653. 18. Ibid., pp. 648-651. 19. Michael Rykin, Russta in Central Asia (New York:Collier Books, 1963), p. 15. 20. By the late nineteenth century (1888) Russia controlled 2,100,000 square miles in Europe and over 6,450,000 in Asia. The population grew from 14 million in 1725 to over 120 million under the hegemony of imperial Russia by 1888. See: Curzon, Rus- sia in Central Asia, p. 259; Coates, Soviets in Central Asia; pp. 43-45. 21. Geoffrey Wheeler, The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia (London: Weiden- feld and Nicolson, 1964), pp. 49, 59, 64. 22. During the American Civil War, when rebel cotton could not reach Eastern Europe, cotton goods from Turkestan to Russia increased fivefold. Coates, Soviets in Central Asta, p. 42; Allworth, Central Asia, p. 131. 23. Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, p. 17; Turkestanskti Krat: Sbornik materialov dlia istorii ego zavoevaniis (Tashkent: Izdanie Shtaba turkkestanseago voennago Ikruga, 1914), XIX, No. 1, p. 210; Franzivon Schwarz, Turkestan: die Wege der indo-german- ischen Volker (Freiburg im Breisgau: Freiburg University Press, 1900), p. 47. Schwarz tells of Russian General Chernayeff taking Tashkent on June 15, 1865, with 1,5