The Great Trek of the Russian Mennonites to Central Asia, 1880-1884, Fred Richard Belk, 1976

01 men and 12 old cannons. The inhabitants numbered 90,000 and had 15,000 to 30,000 troops. 24. Arminius Vambrey, Western Culture in Eastern Lands (London: John Murray, 1906), pp. 15, 47. 25. Frederick G. Burnaby, Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asta (London: Cassell, Petter and Galpin, 1877), p. 96. 26. Wheeler, Soviet Central Asta, pp. 95-96. 27. Ibid., p. 65; Mazour, Russia; Tzarist and Communist, p. 295; Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, p. 49. For a good brief history of czars and khans and their wars see: William Mandel, The Soviet Far East and Central Asia (New York: Dial Press, Inc., 1944), pp. 97-118. 28. Serge A. Zenkovsky, ““Kulturkampf in Pre-Revolutionary Central Asia,” The American Slavic and East European Review, XIV (1955), pp. 17-18. 206 The Great Trek of the Russian Mennonites 29. Polozenie ob upravlenti Turkestanskogo Kraia (Petersburg, Government Print- ing, 1892), Articles 73 through 115 on local jurisdiction, Articles 211 through 255 on Muslim judges. See also Schuyler, Turkistan, pp. 160-170, on the early period of Rus- sian control of Central Asia. 30. Polnoi zakonow rosstis koi imperit, XXXII, p. 1156; Pierce, Russian Central Asia, p. 26. 31. Kotkrytitu pamiatnika: General Adjiutant K. P. fon Kaufmann kak ustroitel Turkestanskago Kraia, 1867-1882 (Tashkent: n.p., 1915); Pierce, Russian Central Asia, p. 5; Mazour, Russia; Tzarist and Communist, p. 294; Coates, Soviets in Central Asta, . 46, : 32. N.P. Ostroumov, ‘‘K’istorii narodnago obrazovaniia v'turkestanskom kraie,” Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann, ustrottel turkestanskays Kraia. Lichnya vospomina- niia (Tashkent: n.p., 1889), pp. 44, 107; Vambrey, Western Culture, pp. 39-42. 33. It must be noted here that the policies of Kaufmann and the very creation of the guberniia of Turkestan were opposed in the Russian High Command. General Kry- zhanovskii, then governor-general of Orenburg, was opposed to the area being set up because it was far from the center of the empire, destroying, he believed, the unity of command of the steppes. The strong personality of Kaufmann, however, won out in the conflict, and opposition soon waned. See Eugene Schuyler, Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Kokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja (2 vols., New York: Schrib- ner and Armstrong Co., 1876), p. 204. This American traveler gives a very interest- ing account of General Kaufmann’s attitude toward the khanates on pp. 274-312. 34. Pierce, Russian Central Asia, p. 26; Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, p. 52; Mazour, Russia: Tzarist and Communist, p. 294. 35. A. 1. Dobrosmyslov, Tashkent v. proshlom i nastoiashchem. Istoricheskit ocherk (Tashkent; n.p., 1911-1912), p. 62. 36. Vambrey, Western Culture, pp. 49-55; Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, pp. 47- 49; Allworth, Central Asia, pp. 143-145. 37. Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, p. 52; Seymour Becker, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara a