Colonel V. A. Pashkov and the Late Nineteenth-Century Protestant Movement in Russia, Jan M. Surer, 1999

ouse, PP 2/l/d/92; letter to A. V. Pashkov 22 May/3 June 1888, 2/l/d/137. One 1886 ruble is the equivalent of £4 in 1990 (see L. N. Tolstoy, What Then Must We Do?, trans. by Aylmer Maude, Devon, 1991). It is not clear whether the sale was actually effected at that time. 27 Unattributed article, Pashkov Papers 4/1, p. 35. 28 Unattributed article, Pashkov Papers 4/1, p. 81. 29 Unattributed article, Pashkov Papers 4/1, p. 35. The estate schools were also a means of gospel and tract distribution; in at least one case, the Inspector of Schools' permission to do so was gained. Yet they do not seem to have been used for virulent anti-Church propaganda; the local priest was responsible for 55 estates as well, Pashkov constructed hospitals. 30 The Swedish director of his Vetoshkino hospital also conducted a Sunday school for children and started a weaving school to provide village wives with a new source of income. 31 Pashkov also endeared himself by providing assistance such as timber for building repairs and money to those in need for the purchase of cattle. 32 In one account he personally made the rounds of a settlement to test the soundness of the buildings. 33 Heier reports that Pashkov's several thousand employees in his Coppermine received excellent salaries and free land. 34 Although Pashkov was thus sometimes quite generous in religious instruction in one. The schools could still be a source of friction with the local clergy, however. In one such case, as Pashkov's English manager sought to reduce the time the school was closed for Orthodox holidays, the local priest's complaint resulted in the banishment from Russia of this manager (Mr. Edward Hilton) shortly before Pashkov's own exile. See Stead, pp. 344-53,* PP 3/14/1-14. Pashkov did exercise a fair amount of control over the schools and could close them if he wished. He insisted on a schoolmaster of his choice (a certain priest's son) on at least one occasion (for the Matcherka school in 1888). See his letter to Mr. Owen, 16/28 March 1888, PP 2/l/d/117. 30 Heier, p. 130. The Krekshino property was twenty miles from Moscow. For a description of Tolstoy's stay there in 1909 with V. G. Chertkov, Pashkov's nephew, see Simmons, pp. 786-90. 31 Mia Sahlberg, "FrSn en tjugu&rig verksamhet i Ryssland (From Some Twenty Years of Work in Russia)," Den evanqeliska rdrelsen i Ryssland . Stockholm, 1909, p. 78. An English translation is in the possession of Dr. Albert J. Wardin, Jr. 32 Unattributed article, Pashkov Papers 4/1, p. 35. 33 Unattributed article, Pashkov Papers 4/1, p. 81. 34 Heier, pp. 133-35, which includes references to Pashkov's material aid to other sectarians, such as the Stundists and Baptists. As noted above, he often employed sectarian believers, his forester Kirpichnikov being but one example. 56 allowing peasants the use of his land, at other times he treated the question in a more conventional manner...In 1888 a