Colonel V. A. Pashkov and the Late Nineteenth-Century Protestant Movement in Russia, Jan M. Surer, 1999

g of one Radstockist lady he writes, "But as for the humble and patient Russian heart, that holy altar of sacrifices and offerings to God, she was not interested in examining it with real attention." See Leskov, Schism in High Society , p. 103. 12 Leskov and Dostoevsky also visited Radstock's meetings in St. Petersburg. Tolstoy visited a Pashkovite gathering in Moscow. See Andrew Q. Blane, "Protestant Sects in Late Imperial Russia," in A. Blane, ed. , The Religious World of Russian Culture. Essays in Honor of Georges Florovsky . Mouton, The Hague, 1975, II, p. 275, text and n. 33. 13 For a full account of their friendship, see Malcolm Jones, "Dostoevsky, Zasetskaya, and Radstockism," Oxford Slavonic Papers . XXVII, 1994, pp. 106-120. See also by the same author, "Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Leskov and Redstokizm," Journal of Russian Studies, no. 23 (1972), pp. 3-20. 9 with one of the prominent converts, Count A. P. Bobrinsky, Minister of Communications (1871-1874)-, 14 Tolstoy later satirized the movement's members as hypocrites in Anna Karenina and Resurrection . His main objection to the movement lay in his view that "they believe themselves to be perfect and direct all their energies towards preaching, holding that perfection of life will be achieved unconsciously." 15 Tolstoy here misrepresents the Pashkovites' understanding of justification by faith and ignores their recognition of the need for moral instruction; but it is not surprising that in his thoroughly rational approach to morality he should object to the Pashkovites' greater reliance on divine assistance. The differences between Tolstoy's and Pashkov's respective religious views and their practice regarding the possession of property will be further examined in Chapter 4. Studies of the literary relations of Radstockism and Pashkovism, then, provide evidence of the movement's notoriety and varied reception among educated circles. Recent historical accounts of the movement give a more complete picture. Edmund Heier's detailed study presents much of the basic factual material available regarding the movement and its leaders and provides some analysis of the movement's Count Bobrinsky's title is sometimes translated as "Minister of Transportation." 15 L. N. Tolstoy, Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy , 90 vols., Moscow, 1935-58, L, p. 51, quoted in Malcolm Jones, Journal of Russian Studies , p. 13. See also Edmund Heier, "A Note on the Pashkovites and L.N. Tolstoy," Canadian Slavonic Papers . V, pp. 114-121. 10 reception by the government and by intellectuals. 16 He sets the stage with a thorough account of the spiritual and social milieu among Russia's educated classes. In his view, many aristocrats were deeply troubled by Russia's social state and seeking a way forward. Generally apathetic towards the Russian Church, they were receptive to other religious traditions. Petersburg aristocrats had already made some contact with th